THE FIRST RECORD OF HAWAIIA MINUSCULA ( BINNEY , 1841 ) IN SLOVAKIA , WITH SOME REMARKS ON OTHER GREENHOUSE SNAILS

We recorded the non-native snail Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1841) from two greenhouses in Slovakia for the first time. The check-list of gastropods recorded in Slovak greenhouses is provided. key worDs: synanthropic fauna, alien species, urban fauna


INTRODUCTION
Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1841) is a widespread minute land snail.Its natural range extends from Alaska and Canada in North America southward to Costa Rica in Central America.It was widely introduced elsewhere, and it was from such an introduced population in Hawaii that the generic name was derived (MeTcalf & sMarTT 1997).The global distribution of H. minuscula was discussed in more detail by kaszuba & sTworzewicz (2008).Among the countries adjacent to Slovakia, H. minus cula was reported from greenhouses in the Czech Republic (Mácha 1988), Austria (reischüTz 2002) and Poland (kaszuba & sTworzewicz 2008).Although malacological research in greenhouses from the former Czechoslovakia has a history of more than a century (slávik 1869, Mrázek 1903, babor & Novak 1909) and is dealt with in numerous papers from the Czech Republic (flasar 1962, 1964, flasarová & flasar 1962, 1965, Mácha 1971, 1988, horsák 2001, horsák & Dvořák 2003, horsák et al. 2004, juřiČková 2006, beraN & Glöer 2006), far less attention was paid to greenhouses in Slovakia, and their mollusc fauna was largely overlooked.For this reason, H. minuscula was not recorded from Slovakia until now, however its occurrence was taken for granted and presented jointly for both the Slovak and the Czech Republics (horsák et al. 2010, 2013).It should be emphasised that the data on H. minuscula (horsák et al. 2010, 2013)  H. minuscula was reported from various types of habitats.For example, DoursoN & DoursoN (2006) identified it as a species that commonly lives in rich woods and at the base of black walnut and butternut trees, while hubrichT (1985) listed it as a species of disturbed areas (e.g.roadsides, along railroads, on waste ground in urban areas), never occurring in leaf litter.In Tennessee it was even found in caves (lewis 2005).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Species records are based on the published data (localities 1-2) and on the new material collected by the authors (localities 3-7, Fig. 1).Note that locality No. 3 is identical with locality No.The material of Gastropoda was collected using visual search.To detect minute species, small amount of soil (ca 1 litre) was taken from the surface and processed using the standard methods (e.g.Čejka et al. 2008)

REMARKS
Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1841) (Fig. 2) was recorded in two greenhouses -in the Borová Hora Arboretum of the Technical University in Zvolen and in the Botanical Garden of the Comenius University in Bratislava (Table 1).The former specialises in more than 40 species of ornamental houseplants which originate from the tropical and subtropical zones of both Americas, Asia and Africa.Specimens of H. minuscula, comprising mostly empty shells but also live snails, were found on the soil surface among In addition to H. minuscula, six other alien species exclusively occurring in greenhouses (Table 1) and more than 40 predominantly native species with outdoor occurrence (Table 2)  We intentionally did not include the non-native M. tuberculata in Table 1 as it is also known from several natural and artificial thermal water habitats outside the greenhouses (varGa 1976, Májsky 2000).Besides this species, five other non-native species with outdoor occurrence, Physella acuta, Ferrissia fragi lis, Oxychilus draparnaudi, Boettgerilla pallens and Arion vulgaris were found in the greenhouses.
. Slugs of the genus Deroceras were identified by dissection (according to horsák et al. 2013).The gastropod taxonomy used in this study follows horsák et al. (2013).

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Map of Slovakia showing the distribution of localities with greenhouses under study.For locality numbers see "Material and Methods" were recorded in the greenhouses under survey.In case of Gulella io, the species recorded by flasar & kroupová (1976a, b) only, we were not able to confirm its occurrence, as the greenhouses no longer exist.Another species found by flasar & kroupová (1976a), Opeas han nense, was not confirmed either, despite the efforts made during the survey in 2003 and repeated in 2013.The most common alien greenhouse snails were Z. arboreus and L. valentiana.Z. arboreus is thus far only known from greenhouses in Slovakia, although several outdoor populations have already been found in the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and Sweden (Dvořák & kupka 2007).A new record of Deroceras invadens was made in greenhouses of the Botanical Garden in Košice (locality No. 5).Thus, the species still remains unknown outdoors in Slovakia.horsák & Dvořák (2003) expected it to be more commonly distributed in the cultural landscape of the Czech Republic, however, the latest review of molluscs from the Czech and the Slovak Republics (horsák et al. 2013) does not provide any further records.In the Czech Republic, the species has been recently found at two sites within the town of Hrádek nad Nisou, close to the German and Polish borders (huTchiNsoN et al. 2014).The only species recorded in all the greenhouses was the common Western and Central European Discus rotundatus.Its form with an elevated spire known as pyramidalis was common as well.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Shell of Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1841), diameter 2.21 mm, from the greenhouse of the Botanical garden of the Comenius University in Bratislava came only from the Czech Republic.In Slovakia, only snails from greenhouses in the city of Bratislava (SW Slovakia) were studied.flasar & kroupová (1976a, b) recorded 36 species from greenhouses in Bratislava, including the first record of Gulella io, and Dvořák et al. (2003) provided the first record of Deroceras invadens.H. minuscula was mentioned in none of those papers.

Table 1 .
List of published (1-2) and unpublished records (3-7) of gastropods occurring exclusively in greenhouses in Slovakia.For locality numbers see "Material and Methods"

Table 2 .
List of published (1-2) and unpublished records (3-7) of gastropods recorded in greenhouses with outdoor occurrence in Slovakia.For locality numbers see "Material and Methods".